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GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Questions
B.A 1st Semester
SOCIOLOGY (Fundamentals of Sociology–I)
(Based on 4-Year GNDU Question Paper Trend Analysis: 2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION-A (Nature & Scope of Sociology)
1. Meaning / Definition and Scope of Sociology (4 times)
2021 (Q1a), 2022 (Q1), 2023 (Q1), 2024 (Q1)
2. Relationship between Sociology and History (4 times)
2021 (Q2), 2022 (Q2), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
3. Is Sociology a Science / Relation to Other Social Sciences (2 times – 2021, 2024)
Often appears as: “Is Sociology a corpus of social sciences or a specialism?” / “In
what sense is Sociology a science?”
4.
2025 Smart Prediction Table
(Based on 4-Year GNDU Paper Trend: 2021–2024)
Section
Question Topic
Years
Appeared
Priority
A
Meaning, Definition & Scope of
Sociology
2021–24
Very High (100%)
A
Relationship between Sociology &
History
2021–24
Very High (100%)
A
Sociology as a Science / Social Science
Relation
2021, 2024
High (Emerging
Trend)
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2025 GUARANTEED QUESTIONS (100% Appearance Trend)
Top 5 Must-Prepare Questions (Appear All 4 Years)
1. Meaning, Definition and Scope of Sociology
2. Relationship between Sociology and History
BONUS HIGH-PRIORITY QUESTIONS (80–90%)
6. Reference / In-Group / Out-Group / Reference Group – Rotating every year
7. Cooley’s Looking Glass Self Theory – Fixed conceptual question
8.
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answer
B.A 1st Semester
SOCIOLOGY (Fundamentals of Sociology–I)
(Based on 4-Year GNDU Question Paper Trend Analysis: 2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION-A (Nature & Scope of Sociology)
1. Meaning / Definition and Scope of Sociology (4 times)
2021 (Q1a), 2022 (Q1), 2023 (Q1), 2024 (Q1)
Ans: A New Beginning: The Story of Society Around Us
Imagine walking through a bustling market on a Sunday morning. Children are playing,
shopkeepers are selling fruits, people are haggling over prices, and street performers
entertain the crowd. Amid this lively chaos, there is order — people know where to go,
how to behave, and what is acceptable. Even the way families interact, how neighbors
greet each other, or how people wait in queues shows an invisible pattern guiding social
life.
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Have you ever wondered who studies these patterns and tries to understand how
societies work? Who explains why people follow rules, form groups, or create customs?
The answer is Sociology — the fascinating study of society and human social behavior.
Sociology is like a storyteller of society. It observes, explains, and sometimes predicts
how human beings interact, organize themselves, and shape the world around them.
Meaning of Sociology
At its core, sociology is about people in groups. But it is more than just observing
individuals — it studies social relationships, institutions, and patterns.
Breaking down the word:
• ‘Socio’ refers to society.
• ‘Logy’ refers to study or knowledge.
So, Sociology literally means the study of society.
It answers questions like:
• Why do people follow certain customs?
• How do families, schools, and governments influence our behavior?
• Why do some societies develop faster than others?
• How do social problems like poverty, crime, or inequality emerge?
In simple words, Sociology studies how humans live together, interact, and influence
each other in organized groups.
Definitions by Scholars (Simplified)
Many sociologists have tried to define sociology in simple words. Here are some of the
most popular ones:
1. Auguste Comte (1798–1857) – Known as the Father of Sociology:
He defined sociology as “the science of society, its laws, and social order.”
➤ Meaning: Sociology tries to discover rules that explain why societies work the
way they do.
2. Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) – A pioneer of modern sociology:
He said sociology is “the study of social facts, i.e., patterns, rules, and structures
that shape human behavior.”
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➤ Meaning: Sociology studies influences outside the individual that guide their
behavior.
3. Max Weber (1864–1920) – Focused on understanding society through meanings:
He described sociology as “the study of social action and the interpretation of
social meanings.”
➤ Meaning: Sociology not only studies actions but also the reasons behind them.
4. Horton and Hunt:
Defined sociology as “the systematic study of society and social interaction.”
➤ Meaning: Sociology is careful and methodical; it observes patterns,
relationships, and institutions to understand social life.
In everyday terms:
Sociology = The systematic study of how people live together, how they behave in
groups, and how societies organize themselves.
Nature of Sociology
Sociology has a unique character, combining both science and art, theory and practice.
Let’s explore its nature:
1. Scientific Study
Sociology uses observation, surveys, statistics, and experiments to understand society.
Like other sciences, it tries to find patterns and laws that explain human behavior.
2. Study of Social Life
Unlike psychology (which studies the individual mind) or economics (which studies
wealth and resources), sociology focuses on people in groups, like families,
communities, and nations.
3. Empirical in Nature
Sociologists rely on evidence from real life, such as social surveys, census data,
interviews, or historical records. They do not depend solely on assumptions or personal
opinions.
4. Interdisciplinary
Sociology borrows from history, political science, economics, psychology,
anthropology, and philosophy. Understanding society requires knowledge from
multiple disciplines.
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5. Dynamic and Evolving
Societies are always changing — norms, traditions, technologies, and behaviors evolve.
Sociology studies these changes and explains how they affect human life.
6. Human-Centered
At its core, sociology is about people, their interactions, and their relationships. It tries
to understand what motivates human behavior and how societies create order or
conflict.
7. Normative and Analytical
• Analytical: Observes patterns and explains why society functions in a certain way.
• Normative: Sometimes it suggests solutions to social problems, like inequality,
poverty, or crime.
Scope of Sociology
The scope of sociology explains what areas and topics it studies. Simply put, sociology is
wide-ranging because society is vast and complex. Let’s break it down:
1. Social Institutions
Sociology studies institutions like:
• Family: Marriage patterns, parenting, kinship.
• Education: Schools, literacy, student-teacher interactions.
• Religion: Beliefs, rituals, impact on behavior.
• Economy: How jobs, wealth, and resources influence society.
• Politics: Government systems, power, and authority.
Example: By studying family systems, sociology can explain why joint families exist in
India, but nuclear families are more common in urban areas.
2. Social Groups
Humans live in groups like clubs, neighborhoods, professional associations, or political
parties. Sociology examines:
• How groups form
• How leaders emerge
• Group norms, values, and conflicts
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Example: Sports teams show cooperation, but also rivalry — sociology studies both
sides.
3. Social Processes
Sociologists explore how society changes:
• Socialization: How individuals learn norms and values.
• Social Control: Laws, rules, and traditions that maintain order.
• Social Stratification: Class, caste, gender, and inequality.
• Social Mobility: How people move up or down in society.
4. Social Problems
Sociology addresses real-world problems like:
• Poverty and unemployment
• Crime and juvenile delinquency
• Drug abuse
• Discrimination and marginalization
By understanding the causes, sociology suggests solutions for reform.
5. Population and Demography
It studies population growth, migration, urbanization, and their impact on society.
6. Culture and Society
Sociology studies:
• Norms and values
• Language and communication
• Customs, rituals, and festivals
• Cultural changes over time
7. Applied Sociology
Sociology is practical too. It helps in planning welfare programs, health campaigns,
education reforms, and policymaking.
Why Sociology is Important
1. Understanding Society:
Sociology explains how society works, helping us understand our role in it.
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2. Guiding Social Change:
Sociologists study social problems and suggest reforms.
3. Improving Human Relations:
Knowledge of sociology reduces conflicts and promotes cooperation in diverse
societies.
4. Career Opportunities:
Sociology opens paths in teaching, research, social work, administration, and
policy-making.
5. Empowering Individuals:
Understanding society helps people make informed choices and participate
actively in civic life.
Key Characteristics in Short
• Scientific and systematic
• Focused on social groups, not just individuals
• Interdisciplinary in approach
• Both theoretical and practical
• Concerned with social order, behavior, and change
• Applies knowledge to solve social problems
Conclusion: Sociology as a Lens to Understand Life
Sociology is like a magnifying glass for society. It reveals patterns, hidden relationships,
and reasons behind human behavior that we often overlook in daily life. It shows us why
people behave in groups, how traditions form, why conflicts arise, and how societies
evolve over time.
By studying sociology, we not only understand the world outside but also gain insight
into our own actions, beliefs, and roles. It teaches us empathy, awareness, and
responsibility — qualities that make a society stronger and more harmonious.
In essence:
Sociology = The study of human life in society, the patterns of interaction, and the
forces that shape social behavior.
It is a journey into understanding people, their communities, and the rules that connect
them
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2. Relationship between Sociology and History (4 times)
2021 (Q2), 2022 (Q2), 2023 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Ans: A Different Beginning: Walking Through the Past to Understand the Present
Imagine sitting in a cozy room, sipping tea, and reading stories of people who lived
centuries ago. You learn about how they built their homes, organized their villages,
celebrated festivals, and even fought wars. You feel connected to their lives, their
struggles, and their choices. Now, think about the society you live in today — your
neighborhood, your city, your school. How did it come to be the way it is? Why do
people follow certain traditions? How do social rules and institutions develop over time?
To answer these questions, we need two special lenses: Sociology and History. These
two fields of knowledge are deeply connected, like two friends walking together to
explain the human story. Sociology studies society, social relationships, and
institutions, while History studies events, developments, and changes over time.
Let’s explore their relationship in a way that feels like a journey — simple, engaging, and
meaningful.
Meaning of Sociology and History
Before we understand the relationship, it’s important to define both clearly:
1. Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, social behavior, and human interactions. It
helps us understand how people live together, form groups, follow norms, create
institutions, and influence each other.
For example:
• Why do people marry according to certain customs?
• How do caste, class, or gender affect social life?
• Why do communities celebrate festivals in specific ways?
Sociology tries to answer these questions by observing, analyzing, and interpreting social
patterns.
2. History
History is the study of past events, human actions, and developments over time. It tells
us what happened, when it happened, why it happened, and what consequences it had.
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For example:
• How did ancient kingdoms rise and fall?
• How did revolutions or wars shape society?
• How did technology or trade affect human life?
History provides the chronological narrative of human existence.
Why Sociology and History Need Each Other
Although Sociology and History are independent disciplines, they are naturally
connected. Imagine trying to understand the social customs of a community without
knowing its history — it would be like trying to understand a tree without knowing its
roots.
Let’s look at why these two subjects are intertwined:
1. History Provides the Context for Sociology
Sociologists study social institutions, relationships, and behavior. But these do not exist
in isolation. They are shaped by historical events.
• For example, the caste system in India cannot be fully understood without
knowing its historical development over centuries.
• Similarly, the industrialization of Europe, which led to urbanization, labor
movements, and social reforms, can only be analyzed sociologically if we
understand the historical process.
Without history, sociology becomes shallow, studying only the present without
understanding its roots.
2. Sociology Interprets Historical Events
While history records events, sociology explains why these events happened and their
social significance.
• Take the French Revolution: History tells us it occurred in 1789, overthrowing the
monarchy. Sociology helps us understand how social inequality, class struggles,
and economic conditions led to this revolution and how it transformed society.
In this sense, sociology gives meaning and interpretation to historical facts.
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Points of Connection Between Sociology and History
1. Study of Human Society
o Both subjects focus on human beings and their activities.
o History records the actions of humans over time; sociology studies
patterns and structures in those actions.
2. Understanding Social Change
o History tracks how societies change over time, like the transition from
feudalism to capitalism.
o Sociology studies the causes and effects of these changes, analyzing
patterns and social dynamics.
3. Influence of Culture
o Historical events shape culture — literature, art, religion, and customs.
o Sociology examines how these cultural elements affect social behavior
and institutions.
4. Cause and Effect Analysis
o Historians describe events and outcomes.
o Sociologists analyze social causes behind historical events, such as
poverty, inequality, or social norms.
5. Understanding Institutions
o History explains the origin of social institutions like family, marriage,
education, and political systems.
o Sociology examines how these institutions function in present society.
6. Documentation and Methodology
o History relies on documents, records, and artifacts to study the past.
o Sociology often uses these historical records to study social trends,
continuity, and change.
Illustrative Examples of Their Relationship
Let’s bring this to life with some real-world examples:
Example 1: Family Structure
• Historical Perspective: In medieval Europe, families were extended and included
multiple generations under one roof.
• Sociological Perspective: Today, most societies have nuclear families. Sociology
studies how economic changes, urbanization, and industrialization led to this
transformation.
Example 2: Education
• Historical Perspective: Education in ancient India was primarily at gurukuls for
boys from certain castes.
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• Sociological Perspective: Sociology studies how education systems today
promote equality, literacy, and social mobility, and how historical legacies still
influence access to education.
Example 3: Revolutions and Social Movements
• Historical Perspective: The Industrial Revolution transformed economies and
social life in Europe.
• Sociological Perspective: Sociology examines urban migration, labor unions, class
conflicts, and changes in family structures as a result of industrialization.
Nature of the Relationship
The relationship between Sociology and History can be described as complementary
and interdependent:
1. Complementary:
o History provides facts and context.
o Sociology provides analysis and interpretation.
2. Interdependent:
o Sociological theories often need historical evidence to support them.
o Historical events are better understood through sociological insights into
social behavior and institutions.
3. Sequential Understanding:
o History often tells “what happened”.
o Sociology explains “why it happened” and “what impact it had”.
4. Mutual Enrichment:
o A historian gains depth by understanding social patterns.
o A sociologist gains clarity by understanding historical continuity and
change.
Differences Between Sociology and History (Simplified)
Even though they are related, there are differences:
Aspect
Sociology
History
Focus
Social institutions, patterns,
behavior
Past events, human actions over
time
Purpose
Understand society, social
processes
Record and explain historical
facts
Approach
Analytical and interpretive
Descriptive and chronological
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Time
Perspective
Present-oriented, studies social
change
Past-oriented, studies historical
events
Method
Surveys, observation, case
studies
Documents, archives, artifacts
These differences show that while Sociology and History look at human life from
different angles, together they provide a complete picture of society.
Why Students Should Study Both
Understanding the relationship between Sociology and History is not just academic — it
has practical importance:
1. Helps explain why society is structured the way it is.
2. Helps understand social problems like inequality, poverty, and discrimination.
3. Helps develop policies and social reforms based on historical experiences.
4. Encourages a holistic understanding of society — connecting the past with the
present and future.
5. Promotes critical thinking, helping students question why things are the way
they are.
Conclusion: A Journey Through Time and Society
Think of society as a living river. History is the source, showing where the river began,
the rocks it flowed over, the tributaries it joined. Sociology is the study of the river’s
flow today, its speed, depth, and impact on the land and people around it.
Without history, sociology would not know the river’s origin. Without sociology, history
would be just a series of disconnected events. Together, they help us understand
human society in all its depth and complexity — its past, present, and future.
So, Sociology and History are inseparable companions, helping us walk through time to
understand ourselves and the society we live in. They are not just academic subjects;
they are windows to human life — teaching us lessons from the past to improve the
present and build a better future.
In short:
Sociology and History together = Understanding society + Understanding its past =
Wisdom to shape the future.
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